Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech). We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

                   He said, “The girl is happy.”

                                      Or

                   “The girl is happy,” he said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past. The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

Don’t forget to mention the indirect object.

Father warned me not to drive fast.

Here are the backshift of tense.

Here are the shifting of time signals.

There are three kinds of indirect speech, i.e. statements, questions, and imperative sentences.

A.       Statements

Rule I

Rule II 

When the reporting verb in the direct speech is in the present, the noun clause verb in the reported speech is not changed. Read the example below.  

 

B.       Questions

If you put a question into indirect speech, there are some steps which are similar to statements: changing of the person, backshift of tenses, and changing of expressions of time.

In indirect speech, there is no question anymore, the sentences becomes a statement. That’s why, the word order is: subject – verb.

1.    A question without a question word (yes/no question).

2.    A question with a question word.

 

C.       Imperative Sentences

If you put imperative sentence into indirect speech, you remain changing of the person, backshift of tenses and changing of expressions of time. The form is mostly: to or not to + imperative.

1.    Command :

 

2.    Prohibition :

3.    Request :

 

Note :

The words beg, remind, warn, advise, recommend, and urge are often useful in indirect commands/request.

Invitation (Written)

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

There are two types of invitation :

a.        Formal Invitation

b.        Informal Invitation

(If you want to know more about types and some expressions of invitation, go to Invitation)

How to Write An Invitation :

1.          Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

2.          Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

3.          Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

4.          Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

5.          Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.

6.          Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

7.          Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.

What does R.S.V.P. mean?

R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“ The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Surprises & Disbeliefs

Surprises or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/say when we know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.

Expressing Surprise:                                                     Responding:

·      Wow! What a surprise!                                           >> Yeah!

·      That’s a surprise!                                                    >> It is.

·      That’s very surprising!                                            >> Yup!

·      Really?                                                                     >> Sure.

·      What?                                                                      >> It’s true.

·      Are you serious? You must be joking!                     >> I’m serious.

·      You’re kidding!                                                        >> No, I’m not.

·      Fancy that!                                                              >> It is.

·      I must say it surprises me.                                      >> Does it?

·      I find it hard to believe.                                          >> It is, isn’t it?

Expressing Disbelief:

·      I don’t believe it.

·      It can’t be true.

·      I can’t think of it.

·      I don’t trust you.

Gratitude, Compliment & Congratulation

a.        Congratulations is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Some expressions of congratulations:

·      Congratulations!

·      Congratulations on your success!

·      I must congratulate you.

·      Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

·      Please accept my warmest congratulations.

·      I’d like to be the first to congratulate you.

Expression of congratulations in special events:

·      Happy birthday!

·      Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!

·      Merry Christmas!

·      Happy New Year!

·      Happy Valentine!

·      Happy anniversary!

b.        Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

·      On his/her general appearance

·      If you notice something new about the person’s appearance

·      When you visit someone’s house for the first time

·      When other people do their best

Some expressions of compliment:

·       What a nice dress!

·       You look great.

·       You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

·       I really must express my admiration for your dance.

·       Good grades!

·       Excellent!

·       Nice work!

·       Good job!

c.         Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Some expression of gratitude:

·      Thank you very much

·      Thank you for your help

·      I’m really very grateful to you

·      You’re welcome

·      Don’t mention it

·      It’s a pleasure / My pleasure

·      I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

·      I am grateful to your help

Responding gratitude:

·      It was the least I could do.

·      You’re welcome

·      No big deal.

·      Don’t mention it.

·      It’s a pleasure.

·      That’s alright.

·      Any time.

Anecdote Text

An anecdote is a kind of text which deals with something unexpected or out of the ordinary. It usually contains some unusual or amusing incidents.

The structure of this text consist of:
• Abstract : signals the retelling of an unusual incidents.
• Orientation : sets the scene.
• Crisis : Provides details of the unusual incidents.
• Reaction : reacts to crisis.
• Coda : reflects on or evaluates the incidents (optional).

In writing an anecdote, we use exclamations, rhetorical questions, and intensifiers.
Exclamations:
> Guess what happened!
> It was really amazing!
Rhetorical questions:
> Can you believe it?
> You know what?
> Scary, isn’t it?
Intensifiers:
> Very
> Extremely
> Really
> I Couldn’t believe it!
> It was really mad!

Listening : Make Me a Copy, Please.

Description:
Often time student are not able to communicating clearly what they would like to say.
It is purpose of this lesson to help student understand to need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more affective listener.

Goal : Students will understand to need to be articulate when communicating.

Objectives :
1. The student will use descriptive explications to guide another student in completing the task.
2. The student will explain the importance of being articulate and the frustration when directions are unclear.

Background Information :
This activity will teach student to explain what they see and guide another student in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.

Concepts: Students will be able to:
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing.
2. Follow directions as closely as possible.
3. Communicate with fellow students to accomplish the given task.

Greetings

Greeting is an expressions with aim to ask news or says thank you and think that is firstly is done when will talk.

Some expressions of greeting :
* Hi !
* How do you do?
* How are you?
* Good morning
* Good night

Greeting card is a piece of paper (usually is decorated with picture) and applied to give congratulation or prays for someone and, etc.
Example :
* Utterance Card Condoles
* Felicitation Card
* Utterance Card Quickly Recovers