Advertisement

Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.

Typically it communicates a message including the name of the product or service and could potentially benefit the costumer.

We can find advertisement on a newspaper, tabloid, radio, television, billboard, and internet.

The Function of Advertisement :

1.        Promotion

2.        Communication

3.        Information

In making advertisement keep the following points:

1.        Language of Advertisement

·      Using the correct or suitable words.

·      Using the interesting and suggestive expressions.

·      Using positive expressions.

·      Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.

2.        Content of Advertisement

·      Objective an honest.

·      Brief and clear.

·      Not mocking other groups or producer.

Kinds of Advertisement:

J  Family Advertisement.

J  Sponsor Advertisement.

J  Invitation Advertisement.

J  Article Advertisement.

J  Announcement Advertisement.

J  Offer Advertisement.

Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used to indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.

The formula of Simple Past Tense :

a.        Without Verb :

(+)  S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment

(-)   S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment

(?)  To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?

Example :   (+)  I was at home last night

                   (-)   I was not at home last night

                   (?)  Was I at home last night?

b.        With Verb :

(+)  S + V₂ + Compliment

(-)   S + did + not + V₁ + Compliment

(?)  Did + S + V₁ + Compliment + ?

Example :   (+)  I called him last night.

                   (-)   I did not call him last night.

                   (?)  Did I call him last night?

Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :

¯   Yesterday

¯   Yesterday afternoon

¯   Last night

¯   Last month

¯   Last week

¯   Last year

¯   An hour ago

¯   In 1978

Simple Present Tense

The function of the Simple Present Tense :

1.        To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions, and wishes.

¯   I smoke (habit).

¯   I live in French (unchanging situations).

¯   French is a mode city (general truth).

¯   I hope I can go to French (wishes).

2.        To give instructions or directions.

¯   Go down this road, and then the first right. It’s on the right.

3.        To express fixed arrangements, presents or future.

¯   Your course finishes at 5.00 p.m.

The formula of the Simple Present Tense :

a.        Without Verb :

(+)  S + to be + Object / Compliment

(-)   S + to be + not + Obj. / Comp.

(?)  To be + S + Obj. / Comp. + ?

Example :  (+)  I am beautiful.

                   (-)   I am not beautiful.

                   (?)  Am I beautiful?

b.        With Verb :

(+)  S + V₁ + Compliment

(-)   S + do/does + not + V₁ + Compliment

(?)  Do/does + S + V₁ + Compliment + ?

J If the subject is third person singular (he, she, it, John, Mary, the book, etc.), the verb uses the –s/-es form.

Example :   (+)  I play computer.                     >> He plays computer.

                   (-)   I don’t play computer.            >> He doesn’t play computer.

                   (?)  Do I play computer?               >> Does he play computer?

Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.

The Generic Structure :

a.        Aim / Goal :  The title of the text.

b.        Materials   :  The ingredients and utensils to do the instructions, but not required for all                  procedure texts.

c.         Steps           :  A set of instructions to do the activity.

The Characteristics of Procedure Text :

¯   Using the Simple present tense, often imperative sentence.

¯   Using the temporal conjunctions, such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

¯   Using actions verbs, such as turn on, stir, hold up, open, etc.

Example :

Epe Banana Ingredients: 1 bunch of “kapok” bananas (not to ripe) 1 liter of water 2 kg brown sugar 50 gr white sugar 10 gr vanilla essence Steps: ³   Peel the bananas, then roast them over charcoal until somewhat soft and brown. ³   Flatten them with a special wooden, clamp, or if you don’t own one, use a large flat wooden spoon to flatten the bananas on a cutting board. ³   Sauce: boil the water with the brown sugar, white sugar and vanilla essence until it dissolves into thick syrup, then pour over the bananas. For 10 portions.

Aim / Goal

 

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text to entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion.

The Generic Structure :

a.        Orientation          :    Sets the scene and introduces the participants.

b.        Complication       :    A crisis arises.

c.         Resolution           :    The crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.

d.        Re-orientation     :    (optional)

                                                                                                                   

The Typical Elements :

a.        Setting                :    When and where the story occurs.

b.        Characters          :    The most important people or characters in the story.

c.         Initiating Event   :    An action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal.

d.        Conflict               :    The focal point around which the whole story is organized.

e.        Events                 :    One or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem.

f.          Resolution          :    The outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem.

g.        Theme                :    The main idea or moral of the story.

The Characteristics of Narrative Text :

a.        Using the Simple Past Tense.

b.        It’s started with adverb, such as long time ago, once upon a time, in a faraway land, etc.

c.         Using the conjunctions, such as then, after, that, before, etc.

Recount Text

Recount text is used to retell about activity/action in the past to inform or to entertain.

The generic structure:

1.        Orientation       :    It gives the readers the background information needed to understand  the text, such as who was involved, where it happened, and when it happened.

2.        Events               :    A series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence.

3.        Re-orientation   :    A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.

The Characteristics of Recount Text:

·           Using the simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, and past perfect continuous tense.

·           Using the conjunctions, such as: then, before, after, etc.

Example:

Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

Instruction require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instructions, the “naming” form – the vocative is used.

When the commanding word is a verb, you can use the infinitive without to.

·         Write the sentences!

·         Close the door!

·         Sweep the floor!

If you do not use a verb as a commanding word, you use be + adjective.

·         Be quiet!

·         Be careful!

·         Be on time!

When you forbid someone to do something, you use don’t + verb infinitive.

·         Don’t touch me!

·         Don’t cry!

·         Don’t close the web page!

You often put the word “please” at the beginning or at the end of an instruction. You use it to make the instruction sounds more polite.

·         Please sit down / Sit down, please.

·         Please don’t go / Don’t go, please.